The HTTP/1.1 handler in cowboy_http enforces the max_headers limit by counting the number of distinct header names in a map (maps:size(Headers)). When a request contains multiple header lines with the same name, the values are concatenated into a single ever-growing binary stored under that one map key (", " for regular headers, "; " for cookies), so the map size stays at one and the max_headers cap (default 100) is never reached. Because no accumulator bounds the total number of header lines or the total byte size of the header block (only per-line max_header_name_length and max_header_value_length apply), an unauthenticated client can send an arbitrary number of header lines with the same name and grow the connection process's binary memory to arbitrary size within the request window.
The impact per connection is bounded by request_timeout (default 5 seconds, not reset by header data), and by max_heap_size when set (the offending connection process is killed once its heap grows past the limit). When max_heap_size is left at the default (unset), sustained abuse can drive the Erlang VM into out-of-memory conditions.
This issue affects cowboy from 2.0.0-pre.4 before 2.18.0.
Analysis
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Default status is the baseline for the product, each version can override it (e.g. patched versions marked unaffected).
| Vendor | Product | Default status | Versions | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ninenines | cowboy | unaffected |
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| ninenines | cowboy | unaffected |
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Tue, 28 Jul 2026 16:15:00 +0000
| Type | Values Removed | Values Added |
|---|---|---|
| Description | Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in ninenines cowboy allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to exhaust connection process memory over HTTP/1.1. The HTTP/1.1 handler in cowboy_http enforces the max_headers limit by counting the number of distinct header names in a map (maps:size(Headers)). When a request contains multiple header lines with the same name, the values are concatenated into a single ever-growing binary stored under that one map key (", " for regular headers, "; " for cookies), so the map size stays at one and the max_headers cap (default 100) is never reached. Because no accumulator bounds the total number of header lines or the total byte size of the header block (only per-line max_header_name_length and max_header_value_length apply), an unauthenticated client can send an arbitrary number of header lines with the same name and grow the connection process's binary memory to arbitrary size within the request window. The impact per connection is bounded by request_timeout (default 5 seconds, not reset by header data), and by max_heap_size when set (the offending connection process is killed once its heap grows past the limit). When max_heap_size is left at the default (unset), sustained abuse can drive the Erlang VM into out-of-memory conditions. This issue affects cowboy from 2.0.0-pre.4 before 2.18.0. | |
| Title | Cowboy HTTP/1.1 max_headers Bypass via Duplicate Header Names Enables Memory Exhaustion | |
| First Time appeared |
Ninenines
Ninenines cowboy |
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| Weaknesses | CWE-770 | |
| CPEs | cpe:2.3:a:ninenines:cowboy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | |
| Vendors & Products |
Ninenines
Ninenines cowboy |
|
| References |
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| Metrics |
cvssV4_0
|
MITRE
Status: PUBLISHED
Assigner: EEF
Published:
Updated: 2026-07-28T12:39:27.067Z
Reserved: 2026-07-22T13:55:59.401Z
Link: CVE-2026-65624
Vulnrichment
Updated: 2026-07-28T12:39:19.571Z
NVD
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Redhat
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OpenCVE Enrichment
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